Technology in Ancient Rome and Egypt - 1935 Words

Technology application of antiquity was so advanced in some areas that only in the last several centuries has modern technology overtaken what existed several millennia ago . The massive building projects of the Giza Plateau and throughout Egypt required heavy lifting and precision surveying technology that did not exist even 100 years ago . The military equipment of ancient Rome, such as artillery machinery, was still state of the art 200 years ago . Neither Rome nor Egypt invented much new technology , but rather applied existing technology in new ways. Application of technology expanded to meet the priorities of these two civilizations and innovative application of new technology came through exchange of differing ideas and strong†¦show more content†¦Romans solved this by applying Persian aqueduct technology . Technology spread throughout the military, right down to simple but highly effective Celtic sourced chainmail body armor that protected the lowly foot soldier. Ro me’s military technology allowed the empire to grow and sustain. The rise of Rome was accomplished through military means, where â€Å"†¦each new conquest became vulnerable and led to further expansion. † This objective was first above anything else. Without the military strength to establish and spread the empire, no other artistic, architectural, domestic, or other cultural innovation could take place . This state priority was for survival because without relentless enhancements to labor resources, military methods, and technology, Rome would fall. In fact, Rome nearly fell, and in 31 BC, Octavian established a military dictatorship, called the Principate . The military campaigns provided the raw material to make the military even stronger – labor and new ideas and technology. The intellect of newly conquered countries brought with them new ideas and new technology. For example, even the one technology of glass blowing the Empire invented, â€Å"no Roman ever invented it, for it seems to have developed in present-day Syria. † The pace at which technology was applied in the military quickened because the new ideasShow MoreRelatedThe Early History Of The Western Civilization1344 Words   |  6 Pagesthe appearance of the first civilizations in the ancient Near East (Instructor, 2016). This history is highlighted by the rise of many different kingdoms and empires each with contributions to modern western cultures. The following essay will describe the Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C.) a moderately complex period in the world history. Even though ancient Greece had the most advanced technology, art, and poetry but well known for Polis or theRead MoreTechnology in Ancient Egypt1554 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology i Technology in Ancient Egypt David Krumis History 302 Dr. Young May 30, 2009 Technology ii Abstract The ancient Egyptians utilized many basic methods of science and technology over the course of their culture’s era. You can find examples of these marvels in practically any aspect of their workings. From architecture to agriculture, medicinal practices and time keeping, one thing is for sure, they set a tone for the progression of technology over the centuries. WithoutRead MoreExamination of the Nile River652 Words   |  3 Pages A brief examination of the influence of the Nile river on ancient Egypt shows that geography and environment play significant roles in the development and interaction of the societies found within them. The ancient historian Herodotus even referred to Egypt as the gift of the Nile (Hanna). This is true at the most fundamental level: without the Nile most of Egypt would be a nearly uninhabitable desert. However, this claim is true on many more levels as well. Water was not the only gift that theRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Persian Empire And The Muslim Empire1328 Words   |  6 Pagespractices blended together. As a combination of all these cultures, a great Muslim civilization rose, which led to a lasting golden age. In civilizations, the characteristics of a golden age were a stable government, a large amount of trade, and new technology. A stable government, being the responsible public administration, was a key characteristic of a golden age. The Abbasid dynasty already had a system of local officials and borrowed government techniques from the Byzantine Empire and the PersianRead MoreCompare And Contrast Sparta And Athens1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmen. Macedonia emerged as a leading power because of the work of King Phillip II and Alexander the Great. King Phillip II led as he took out many of Macedonia’s enemies in neighboring city-states. While doing that he also made advancements in technology and machinery, for example the sarissa a 15- foot pike used in his armies giving them an upper hand when it came to combat. The sarissa made its debut in the battle of Chaeronea which was considered his final step in becoming the leader of GreeceRead MoreRoman Culture And The Roman Empire774 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Culture The Roman Empire is among the greater ancient civilizations known to man. In 753 B.C. Rome at one point consisted of The Rhine River to Egypt and from Asia Minor to Britain accumulating some 2 millions square miles. This essay goes over some of their culture and the great strides made throughout 753 BC to 27 BC and from 64 AD to 1453 A.D. I. Military The Roman military focused on teamwork and making their soldiers brave throughout their training. The Equitatus played a major role inRead MoreUnderstanding The New Kingdom Of Egypt1723 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding the New Kingdom of Egypt Perhaps no other culture has intrigued the human imagination as that of ancient Egypt. From the Ancient Greeks, who treated Egypt with venerable respect, to Alexander the Great, and Napoleon, who felt it was imperative to go there, few other cultures have represented so much of universal value to all humans. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of the ancient New Kingdom of Egypt. An emphasis on scholarly views will focus on culture, agricultureRead MoreAncient Architecture : Luxor Temple And Saint Peter s Basilica1963 Words   |  8 Pages ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE Luxor Temple and Saint Peter’s Basilica â€Æ' I. OVERVIEW The two pieces of art that I have chosen to compare are The Luxor Temple located in Luxor, Egypt and Saint Peter’s Basilica located within Vatican City of Rome, Italy. The ancient design has fostered some of its styles and characteristics into future generations, and also upheld the mysteries of phenomenal architecture over the centuries. I believe the Luxor Temple and Saint Peter’s Basilica are good pieces for comparisonRead MoreInnovation And Stagnation Of The Stone Age Humans3147 Words   |  13 Pagesnew technology to suit their needs. Whether it was tools to sharpen a stick into an arrow or create an aqueduct to carry water vast distances or across large canyons to a centralized location in a city. Necessity can promote innovation in many various forms. This can include creating a new siege weapon to invade an enemy city, or create a weapon of mass destruction in hopes of ending a war sooner, for example: in World War 2 the United States created the atom bomb to d o just that. Ancient EgyptRead MoreThe Luxor Temple And Saint Peter s Basilica1822 Words   |  8 PagesI. OVERVIEW The two pieces of art that I have chosen to compare are The Luxor Temple located in Luxor, Egypt and Saint Peter’s Basilica located within Vatican City of Rome, Italy. The ancient design has fostered some of its styles and characteristics into future generations, and also upheld the mysteries of phenomenal architecture over the centuries. I believe the Luxor Temple and Saint Peter’s Basilica are good pieces for comparison. The details and the architectural features between both of these

Janmar Coating case study - 1165 Words

1.0 Case Summary This case is about an organization doing business on paint coatings market served by company in the southwestern United States. The organization has some challenges on how to deploy marketing efforts among the various architectural paint coatings markets served in the southwestern United States. 1. Janmar Coating, Inc. Janmar Coating, Inc. is a privately held organization produces and markets architectural paint under Janmar brand name. In addition to producing a full line of architectural coatings, the company sells paint sundries (brushes, rollers, thinner, etc.) under the Janmar name, even though these item are not manufactured by the company. 2. Architectural painting Industry sources†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they cannot cut price this year. 3. Hire a sale representative costing $60,000 a year in non DFW areas. Vice President of Sales wants to develop a new retail account in non DFW areas after only five accounts for the last 5 years. They want to focus on non DFW areas because half of their sales and dealers exist in that particular area. It has been asking by Mr. Burns on what the sale representative will do, either focusing on retail account side or on recruiting the professional painter. 70 percent of sale is through their professional painters in DFW areas, while 70 percent of sale went to do-it-yourselfers in non DFW areas. They would need 40 percent price cut to attract contractors since they have minimum number of contractor sale in DFW and other areas. 4. Maintaining their current approach. Referring to Vice President of Finance, he want to pursue the current approach because they are in profitable based on contribution margin by 35 percent. The company just needs to monitor their margin in control their cost well. 4.0 Choose the best alternative The best alternative is sales representative, since it focuses on non DFW areas because half of their sales and dealers exist in that particular area. 5.0 Implementation of the alternative: Based on the case study, the way to implement the problem is through market targeting. There is the way of target the market which is: 1. Where to compete Janmar CoatingShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Janmar Coatings, A Paint Coatings Company1349 Words   |  6 PagesThis case is about Janmar Coatings, a paint coatings company based in the southwester United States. The company has come across a dilemma on how to deploy marketing efforts among the various architectural paint coatings markets served in the southwestern United States. When looking at the paint coating industry you will find that is separated into three different segments, architectural, original equipment manufacturing coatings and special purpose coatings. The segment, which we will focus on,Read MoreJanmar Coatings1653 Words   |  7 PagesJanMar Case Study Case Analysis United States Paint Industry The US paint industry is divided into three broad segments: architectural coatings, original equipment manufacturing (OEM) coatings, and special-purpose lacquers. The paint industry is a maturing industry. In 2004, sales were estimated to be slightly over $16billion and an average growth of 1-2% per year. Architectural Paint Coatings Industry The industry estimates that architectural coatings and sundries (brushes, paint removersRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagessupply/demand issue), advertising (well developed by 1900), or in most cases were simply not yet explored (e.g., customer purchase behavior, importance of distribution partners). Lead by marketing scholars from several major universities, the development of marketing was in large part motivated by the need to dissect in greater detail relationships and behaviors that existed between sellers and buyers. In particular, the study of marketing lead sellers to recognize that adopting certain strategies

Arroz Con Coco Free Essays

Arroz Con Coco There are lots and lots of Hispanic type foods. What’s your favorite Hispanic type food? Mines is the famous â€Å"arroz con coco†. A lot of people love that dish. We will write a custom essay sample on Arroz Con Coco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now let me tell you why I love it so much. Before I start explaining my reasons, I bet your thinking†¦ What the heck is â€Å"arroz con coco†? Well basically it is just â€Å"rice with coconut†. Yes, coconut weird combination I know. But I’m used to it; I’ve been eating it since I was like born. I guess that’s why I love it so much. My grandma makes it the best. To me no one can do it as good as she does. Arroz con coco is just made up of two cups of coconut milk (either fresh or canned), two cups of long-grain rice, one teaspoon of salt, five ounces of Panela or†¦ just eight tbsp. of raw cane sugar, four cups of water and finally 1/3 cup of raisins(optional). All that make up a being plate of deliciousness. Off the Caribbean coast, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Puerto Rico. Arroz con coco is a typical side dish for fries. But make it a little different. It is also served in places like Thailand and southern regions of India. But of course every country does it there own special way. In my family they cook arroz con coco every gathering, every holiday, occasion, everything. And everybody loves it. You should try it someday, if not your going to miss out on a lot . How to cite Arroz Con Coco, Papers

Market Entry Strategies and Macro Environmental Factors

Question: Discuss about the Market Entry Strategies and Macro Environmental Factors. Answer: Introduction PESTLE is a useful strategic management tool to analyze the macro environmental factors which affect the operations of a business. Macro economic factors are those external factors which cannot be directly controlled by the company. Such factors, instead, steer the working of a company. By conducting a PESTLE analysis, the external factors are analyzed. These factors include Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors (PESTLE Analysis, 2016). In the following parts, various factors have been analyzed to evaluate the best market for the company Aldi to enter, as well as, the most appropriate mode of entry available to the company. PESTLE Analysis of the macro-environmental factors New Zealand After evaluating the macro environmental factors, by conducting a PESTLE Analysis, New Zealand has been elected as the prospective market for Aldi, to expand its business. The rationale behind this decision is explained through a detailed PESTLE Analysis. Political Aldi is a leader in the global discount based supermarket chain and works in the retail industry. The company is headquartered at Essen, Germany and as a result, the EU legislations influence the working of the company (Ruddick, 2013). The political environment of New Zealand is connected to the performance of the company, and the supermarket chains are also affected in the same way, as are other businesses, due to a change in climate of politics, in the country. As the country has a stable government, the business sector is able to grow steadily. Moreover, due to political stability, more and more investors are attracted to the nation, to carry on the business and trading activities. The supermarket industry in New Zealand is quite stable and as a result, there are negligible chances of a business loss. Economic The financial performance of any company is dependent upon the economical factors like employment and recession, as these results in lower sales and cause financial decline for the company. Since New Zealand has low unemployment rates, the financial performance of the company is expected to be favorable (Rutherford, 2016). The consumers check out the value of the product while purchasing groceries, and are moving towards the online options. This would again prove beneficial for Aldi as the company provides the online shopping services. Social: For any company to work, it has to identify the target market and the needs of such targeted market. Further, plans have to be developed to focus on the fulfillment of such needs. The location of any store of Aldi is a crucial decision, as the population is quite dispersed in the country. As the literacy rate of the country is nearly a 100%, the consumers are aware about the latest developments in the market (UNESCO, 2016). The banking system is very strong in the country and the foreign direct investments are welcomed in the nation. This is a huge advantage for Aldi. Technological: The education system of New Zealand is considered as the 7th best system across the globe (Dalgleish, 2014). This along with the high literacy rate has contributed to a progress in the fields of Science and Mathematics, amongst the students. This has ultimately resulted in significant developments in the field of technology, and in the various technical products. The high dependence on computers and mobiles has increased the online shopping and so, the chances of Aldi succeeding in New Zealand are high. Legal: As the crime rate in the country is very low, as well as, the corruption has been curbed from the society, the basic facilities can be easily enjoyed by the natives of the country (Chadwick, 2015). Companies from the other countries are encouraged to start their businesses here. But due to the excessive lending charges payable to the government, the profit margin is decreased. Though, to cope up with this, freedom of business and trade is provided in the country which helps the foreign companies in expansion of business and ultimately flourishing in the society. The foreign businesses are provided a full legal cover, and can conduct the business without any fear of legal implications, on the activities of the company. Environmental: The 2015 New Zealand Tourism Strategy is focused on the protection of the environment, and as a result, the government of the country, is finding newer solutions to decrease the CO2 emissions (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2015). New Zealand has a unique ecological system. The population is well educated about the importance of environment, and is working towards removal of pollution in an effective manner. The latest technologies have been adopted to deal with the garbage, and to prevent the pollution of the atmosphere. Furthermore, new initiatives are constantly being taken up to make the country secure and free from pollution and dust. 5-Forces analysis To analyze the opportunities and threats in the firms industrial environment, in the chosen market, the Porter's five forces analysis has been used. Threat of new entrants A major threat for Aldi for establishing a business in New Zealand is in form of threat of new entrants. As this sector is highly profitable, more and more organizations are attracted towards this industry, and this creates a threat for the company. The more the number of competitors, the tougher it gets to earn the profits for the company. As a result of new entrants, the market share, as well as, profits can reduce. Though, this industry requires a huge capital investment to start up, and this does reduce the entrance of new firms in the industry. This capital is needed not only for the fixed facilities but also for operating the business (Oki, 2016). Further, the established firms in this regard already have access to the profitable distribution channels, as well as, have been established as trusted brands in the retail industry. This makes it difficult for a new entrant to enter this industry as such new entrant faces a risk of losing the invested money, due to high competition. So, it can be concluded, that the threat of new entrants, in the retail industry of New Zealand, is low. Threat of substitutes The threat of substitute creates another threat for Aldi. There are very strong competitors who offer similar services, and these include the giants like Woolsworths and Foodtown, as well as, the local supermarkets like Progressive Enterprises and New World. Having a huge number of rivals means having an availability of greater number of substitute products. Aldi has to face this threat, and as a result, is exposed to the potential reduction in the profitability, as well as, market share. The customers can easily switch between similar products, and this affects the sales, and income of any firm. The substitute products are easily available, so Aldi would have to come up with competitive, as well as, innovative strategies to attract more consumers, and to build a reputation of a trusted brand. The most important factor in the retail industry is a competitive price strategy. It can be concluded, that the threat of substitutes, in the retail industry of New Zealand, is high. Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of the buyers affects the prices of the products, and has the power to expand or decline an industry. The supermarket chain falls under retail industry, and in this industry, the consumers are very powerful. The strength of the buyers is quite high in the retail industry of New Zealand. Due to the high bargaining power of the customers, the companies have to decrease their prices, so as to attract more customers towards the company. There are a number of potential buyers and customers for the products. This creates an opportunity for Aldi. Even though the buyers have high bargaining power but the number of customers, creates a window of opportunity for the company. The higher the number of consumers, the higher is the chances of profit. And with the advancements in technology, the consumers have become more aware about the availability of substitutes, and the prices changed. This has again, helped in increasing the bargaining power of the buyers. So, the bargaini ng power of the consumer, in retail industry of New Zealand, creates fewer opportunities and more threats for Aldi. So, it can be concluded, that the bargaining power of buyers, in the retail industry of New Zealand, is high. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are the backbone of any retail industry. There is a presence of high number of suppliers in New Zealand. Due to this high number of suppliers in the country, the competition amongst them is quite high. This can help Aldi in attaining goods, at lesser prices. Further, the cost of shifting from one supplier to the other is quite low, as a result of the easy availability of suppliers. This ultimately helps a company, as the cost of supplies is decreased, resulting in higher profits. The weak bargaining power of the suppliers, in New Zealand, provides lower dependence on the suppliers. So, it can be concluded, that the bargaining power of suppliers, in the retail industry of New Zealand, is low. Industry rivalry Aldi faces another threat in the form of industry rivalry, as there are number supermarket chains in New Zealand. These competitive rivals offer the same kind of services, and products in the market. The major competitors for Aldi are Big Fresh, Countdown, Four Square, Pak'nSave, Woolworths, and Price Chopper (Enz, 2013). And there are a number of other supermarkets too. Due to the presence of so many supermarket chains in New Zealand, the competition has become fierce to attain more customers, and a greater market share. So, Aldi would have to formulate such a strategy, so as to tap on the market share, to ensure profitability. Further, Aldi would have to attain, as well as, retain the customers to maintain proper amounts of profits. So, it can be concluded, that the industry rivalry, in the retail industry of New Zealand, is high. VRIO Analysis of Aldis Internal Environment VRIO is one of the business analyzing frameworks, and forms a part of the companys strategies. This is a form of internal analysis, which helps in evaluating the capabilities, and the resources of a company. In order to analyze the strength and weakness of Aldis internal environment, a VRIO analysis has been conducted. Valuable Rare Costly to Imitate Organized Properly Competitive Consequences Implications of Performance Tangible Resources Borrowing Capacity (Steiner, 2014) Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Smaller Stores Yes No No Yes Competitive parity Average Returns Opening Hours No No No Yes Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Lower Labor Cost No No No No Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Proper display of Products to improve efficiency (Creevy, 2010) Yes Yes No Yes Temporarily Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns to Average Returns Use of Manual System No No No No Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Differentiation of Product No No No No Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Financially Rich Parent Company Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Intangible Resources Amongst the largest food retailers across the globe Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Provides shopping bags and charges $2 as deposit for shopping cart (Aldi, 2016) No Yes No Yes Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Lower number of non-specialized employees No No No Yes Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Reputed Customer Service No No No No Competitive disadvantage Below Average Returns Properly trained area managers Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Good relationship with suppliers (Kohler, 2015) Yes No No Yes Competitive parity Average Returns Capabilities Salary of employees above average industry rate (Cronan, 2014) Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Buying Power (Felsted, 2014) Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Distribution Capability Yes No No Yes Competitive parity Average Returns Uniform prices across the countries Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Above Average Returns Good quality products at lower prices Yes No No No Competitive parity Average Returns From the above analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of the firm have been evaluated. Some of these support the expansion plan of Aldi into New Zealand, whereas the others present a challenge for this expansion. The strengths of the company include the superior competency of the company, as well as, the sustainable competitive advantage, which helps the company in earning above average returns. The tangible, intangible resources, as well as, the capabilities which result in below average returns for Aldi, are the weaknesses of the company. In order to enter the market of New Zealand, Aldi would have to improve upon these below average returns factors. The factors that enable above average returns are the strengths of Aldi, and it has to ensure to formulate such strategies, which tap these strengths, in the market of New Zealand. The company has successful operations around the globe, and so the company does not have financial constraints to enter the market of this country. The tangible resources of the company constitute mostly of above average returns, and this is a good sign for the company as this showcases the strength of the company. At the same time, the tangible resources in the form of differentiation of the product, and the use of manual system attain below average returns for Aldi, and contribute to the weakness of the company. The intangible resources provide below average returns in the majority and hence, these can be considered as the weakness for the company, which would create difficulties for the expansion of the firm in New Zealand. Before entering the markets of New Zealand, Aldi would have to formulate strategies to improve upon the below average returns factors. So, the intangible resources of Aldi, have to be improved to ensure success in New Zealand. The biggest strength of Aldi can be seen in the capabilities part of the internal environment of the Aldi. This segment provides the most above average returns. Furthermore, there are no factors which produce a below average return for the company. Hence, the capabilities of Aldi would be the biggest supporter for the company, while entering the markets of New Zealand. Available modes of entry for Aldi To enter into the markets of New Zealand, three broad categories are available. These include export, direct or indirect; contractual in the form of turnkey projects, licensing or franchising; and investment mode in the form of joint venture or wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE) (Osland, Taylor and Zou, 2001). Export refers to such an act of by a company, through which such company sends its products to the other country. This is the safest mode of entering a new market, as the risks are comparatively small. Further, by exporting, the sales can be expanded, and benefits can be reaped, not only because of increased market share, but also because of achieving economies of scale. In Direct Export, the produces sell their products directly to the importers (Trade Start, 2016). In these cases, the requirement of knowledge about the foreign market is negligible. In Indirect Export, the products are sold in the foreign market through export agents. The next mode of entry is the contractual mode. In turnkey projects, the foreign company exports its processes and technologies to another country, by establishing a plant, in the other country. A contractor is hired by the companies in the target market companies (Peng, 2016). This turnkey contractor is responsible for construction, design, installation, as well as, maintenance of the plant. On completion of the contract, this foreign company hands over the key of the project, and the project is considered as ready for operation. This method helps in gaining profits without political interferences. But the major disadvantage of this method is the risk of revealing secrets of the company to the rivals. Licensing is a contractual mode of entry in which the licensor (the company) grants the licensee (the foreign company), the right to use all or a part of the intangible properties in form of trademarks, copyrights or patents. This method is a speedy way to enter a market, and helps in marketing of the brand of the company (Nagel, 2012). Though, it is hard to monitor the patterns of foreign markets, as well as, to enforce the licensing agreements. In franchising, a firm (franchisor) transfers the concept of the business, which is already established, with related operational guidelines, to a foreign party in exchange for a fee. A high level of trust has to be established in this mode. The franchisors have the responsibility to improve the product mix, to promote the brand in the host nation, and ensuring the quality of the outlet (Nisha, 2016). The famous examples of franchising include KFC, McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts. The investment mode has two options, the joint venture and WFOE. A joint venture is a type of strategic alliance, in which two or more parties, pool their resources together, to fulfill the desired task. In a joint venture, one of the entities is the operating entity, looking forward to the expansion of its business activities, by entering a new market. This mode is selected to enter into a competitive multi-domestic market or a competitive global market. By forming a joint venture, with such a firm which already has the necessary infrastructure to manufacture the products in the targeted market, the venture is usually successful. Though, these partnerships require greater commitments, in terms of resources and time, in order to develop an effective working relationship, as well as, trust with the local company (Shishido, Fukuda and Umetani, 2015). A high level of control can be maintained in this form of partnership, and the benefits of the goodwill of the partner of the home countr y, can also be reaped in this form. Though there are high chances of conflict of interest, whereby one partner may hold the business back for their own profits. The lack of equal commitment from both the parties is also a source of disadvantage. The last and the best suitable mode of entry for Aldi is the wholly foreign-owned enterprise or WFOE. WFOE is a private and a limited liability type of company, which is completely and fully owned by a foreign company (New Zealand Trade Enterprise, 2016). WFOE provide greater efficiency and market control, as well as, control of the customers. Though, this mode requires higher risks, as the costs of investments are high and the chances of returns are uncertain. WFOE can be further classified into acquisition mode and the Greenfield investment mode. In an acquisition mode, two companies are combined, from different nations, in order to form a new legal organization (Buckley and Ghauri, 1999). The assets of the local company are acquired by the foreign company, and both the companies continue to exist. In Greenfield investment, a completely brand new subsidiary, in the targeted market country, is established to carry on the business activities. In this form, the new company is a clone of the parent company, with exactly same structure and strategies (Trakman and Ranieri, 2013). The most suitable mode for Aldi is the Greenfield investment. Greenfield investment mode helps in avoiding the trade restrictions in new market countries. As analyzed above, New Zealand has free trade policy and so, when Aldi enters the markets of New Zealand, by using this mode, it would not have to face any trade restriction. Another advantage of this mode is the lower costs of transportation, as well as, an avoidance of being affected by the fluctuations of the foreign exchange rates. Aldi has had successful operations in many nations, and so it is aware about the most suitable entry strategies to attain and retain customers, as well as, tap on the low bargaining policy of the suppliers. By utilizing the capabilities of Aldi (as analyzed in segment 3), the expansion strategy, by use of Greenfield investment, would prove the most beneficial for the company. References Aldi. (2013) About ALDI. [Online] Aldi. Available from: https://www.aldi.us/en/customer-service/faqs/about-aldi/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Buckley, P.J., and Ghauri, P.N. (1999) The Internationalization of the Firm. 2nd ed. UK: Cengage Learning EMEA Chadwick, A.H. (2015) 10 fantastic places to raise a family in New Zealand. [Online] Red News. Available from: https://www.westpac.co.nz/rednews/property/10-fantastic-places-to-raise-a-family-in-new-zealand/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Creevy, J. (2010) 10 ways Aldi changed retail. [Online] Retail Week. Available from: https://www.retail-week.com/sectors/grocery/10-ways-aldi-changed-retail/5015950.article [Accessed on 01/10/16] Cronan, B. (2014) IKEA, Gap, and eight more companies that pay higher than minimum wage. [Online] The Christian Science Monitor. Available from: https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2014/0626/IKEA-Gap-and-eight-more-companies-that-pay-higher-than-minimum-wage/Aldi [Accessed on 01/10/16] Dalgleish, S. (2014) The 10 Best Education Systems in the World. [Online] Borgen Magazine. Available from: https://www.borgenmagazine.com/best-education-systems/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Enz. (2013) New Zealand Supermarket Shopping Guide. [Online] Enz. Available from: https://www.enz.org/new-zealand-supermarket-shopping-guide.html [Accessed on 01/10/16] Felsted, A. (2014) Aldi and Lidl lead charge of discount supermarkets. [Online] Financial Times. Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/cbdf0bfa-fd61-11e3-bc93-00144feab7de [Accessed on 01/10/16] Kohler, A. (2015) Aldis love affair with suppliers is killing Coles and Woolies. [Online] The Australian Business Review. Available from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/alan-kohler/aldis-love-affair-with-suppliers-is-killing-coles-and-woolies/news-story/31b30ece8c020762cc5d820ade32f6bb [Accessed on 01/10/16] Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2015) New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015. [Online] Government of New Zealand. Available from: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/tourism/nz-tourism-strategy-2015.pdf [Accessed on 01/10/16] Nagel, C. (2012) Global Market Entry. USA: Xlibris Corporation, pp 45-49. New Zealand Trade Enterprise. (2016) Choosing Market Entry Strategies. [Online] Government of New Zealand. Available from: https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/preparing-to-export/preparing-your-strategy/choosing-market-entry-strategies/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Nisha. (2016) Foreign Market Entry Strategies. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Method, 4(1). Oki, J. (2016) How Much Do I Have To Invest? [Online] Grocery Outlet. Available from: https://www.ownagroceryoutlet.com/research/what-are-the-startup-costs-and-fees/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Osland, G.E., Taylor, C.R., and Zou, S. (2001) Selecting international modes of entry and expansion. Marketing intelligence planning, 19(3), pp 153-161. Peng, M.W. (2016) Global Business. 4th ed. USA: Cengage Learning, pp 332-333 PESTLE Analysis. (2016) What is PESTLE Analysis? A Tool for Business Analysis. [Online] PESTLE Analysis. Available from: https://pestleanalysis.com/what-is-pestle-analysis/ [Accessed on 01/10/16] Ruddick, G. (2013) Aldi: a history of the low-cost supermarket. [Online] The Telegraph. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10343032/Aldi-a-history-of-the-low-cost-supermarket.html [Accessed on 01/10/16] Rutherford, H. 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Asylums in Massachusetts McLean and Northampton Essay Example

Asylums in Massachusetts: McLean and Northampton Paper Abstract Asylums such as The McLean Asylum for the Insane located in Boston, The Worcester Lunatic Asylum, and The Northampton Lunatic Hospital have been around for many years. Since the 1800s through the 1950s asylums have drastically changed in appearance, treatment, diagnosis and many aspects of the asylum such as the food patients are given to eat, and what work the patients get to do while being treated. The grounds and buildings of asylums have made significant improvements. Treatment has become more moral and orderly as the decades progress. Each asylum has different forms of recreation and work that the patients are allowed to do while being treated in the early asylums. Asylum Changes in Massachusetts The main and earliest asylums in Massachusetts in order include the McLean Asylum for the Insane located in Boston, The Worcester Lunatic Asylum, and The Northampton Lunatic Hospital. McLean Asylum for the Insane was founded in 1818 originally located in Somerville, then moved to Belmont, Massachusetts. In 1895. It is famous for its groundbreaking neuroscience research and for the large number of famous people who have been treated there such as Ray Charles and James Taylor. We will write a custom essay sample on Asylums in Massachusetts: McLean and Northampton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Asylums in Massachusetts: McLean and Northampton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Asylums in Massachusetts: McLean and Northampton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This asylum was the first psychiatric hospital In the U. S to make sure it had basic clinical laboratories. The hospital studied biological factors in mental illness patients. The McLean Asylum was also a division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and followed the Quaker principles of moral treatment. The Worcester Lunatic Asylum was founded in 1832 in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was the first of its kind in Massachusetts. During the first year that it was opened 164 patients were received. The Northampton Lunatic Hospital was founded in 1858 and located in Northampton, Massachusetts. This hospital was later added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Northampton Lunatic Hospital and Worcester Lunatic Asylum were both part of the Kirkbride Plan. This plan was a 19th century building style that was put into effect for many asylums. There have been many improvements since the 1800’s until the 1950’s in buildings and grounds, diagnoses, demographics including leisure, work, food, and patient treatment in all of these asylums in Massachusetts. Previous to the 1800s, patients suffering from mental illness were hidden and housed in jails before asylums. Benjamin Rush, also known as â€Å"The Father of American Psychiatry. † contributed a great amount to the treatment of patients. Patients were restrained to Benjamin Rush chairs; His treatment methods also included bleeding, purging, and hot and cold baths. (Ozarin, L, 2006). 1800s: Buildings Grounds The Worcester Lunatic Asylum consists of a center building and two wings, the basement is designed for storerooms, a kitchen and laundry room. Pipes have been laid for water supply. The buildings were plain, strong and made of brick with a zinc roof. The buildings had separate apartments for patients, which were warmed in winter and highly ventilated. They had rooms for tenants as well as cooking establishments. For the grounds, excavation and stoning for the cellar done as well as construction of a road. High fences were put up to separate the different yards. (Massachusetts General Court Senate, 1837). Recreation Patients are encouraged to take exercise in the farms available in the grounds for them. They are allowed to roam in the carpenters’ shop, walk in the gardens, take excursions, and participate in in-door games as well as other forms of entertainment. American Psychiatric Association, 1895). Treatment Bloodletting was not always used in treating the insane patients (American Psychiatric Association, 1895). At the Worcester Lunatic Asylum, In terms of system of treatment, employees of the asylum need to pay special attention to cleanliness, bodily health of patients, clean air and suitable diet. Moral treatment wa s used and highly recognized, they used to believe that humanity is the law of love. (Massachusetts General Court Senate, 1837). Patients are examined for cures yearly. The patients at Worcester have been more highly selected. Those considered â€Å"incurables† have no selection of diet and receive little medical treatment and nursing help. However they do require a substantial amount of food. 1850s Buildings Grounds In 1888, The Northampton Lunatic Hospital made many changes and improvements in their buildings and grounds. Yards of concrete walk have also been laid by the patient as well as excavating. for the animals were erected. The stable for cows and cattle are now in the basement. The barns were built because the demand in milk increased from the incoming amount of patients being admitted to the hospital. A cold storage building was added as well, this storage building mostly containing apples, potatoes, dairy products and vegetables. In terms of improvement, the addition to the south wing of the hospital was worked on. There was a high need for the addition because of toilet and bath purposes. A spacious pavilion with a large fireplace mainly for the use of the patients was constructed on the hospital grounds. This building was a gift of Miss Martha Eastman of Amherst. Many of the patients used the buildings and grounds for a temporary home, an environment to work in and for recreational and exercise reasons. (Northhampton Lunatic Hospital, 1907). Many other improvements have been made such as men and women are now in separate comfortable quarters in their own buildings. The laundry room is now much more capacious and modern. The kitchen departments were now doubled in size. The interior of the female wing had been rebuilt. The wing has larger windows for light as well as new wire-lath ceilings that are protective from fires. A new chapel was constructed; it would be two and a half times larger than the one they currently had. Treatment In terms of treatment, Most of the patients, eighty-two percent, are considered to be incurable Taking the average of the patients that now present themselves in Massachusetts, eighteen percent are supposed to be curable, and need active treatment, and eighty-two percent, incurable, and require principally general management and soothing custodial guardianship. It is believed that moral and medical treatment is essential. (Jarvis, E. 1855). Food At The Northampton Lunatic Hospital, the sleeping, eating, personal hygiene, exercise, recreation and occupation routines are highly ordered and monitored. Private patients get to eat from a larger variety of food. The patients are served bread, cereals, cheese, eggs, fruit, meats, beans, tea, coffee, and vegetables with their meals. (Northampton Lunatic Hospital, 1907). In another example, if the food is not considered ‘good’ many patients will be come angry or harder to control and manage. The patients also require good attention and monitoring from the hospital’s employees. Jarvis, E. 1855). Work At The Northampton Lunatic Hospital, patients help out in areas such as in the kitchen, sewing, laundry, carpentry shops, painting, masonry, electricity work, plumbing and in the gardens barns and stables. The patients make brooms, tin ware, clothing, mattresses, and bedding and upholster chairs. These activity are mostly carried out in the industrial room, wards, thei r activities have even been in exhibits at the hospital for everyone to see. The work men and women do for the asylum and during their off hours are much different. Men were allowed to work in the farms, do garden work, grading, and fencing. For women, it was normal to do household work, knit slippers, stockings, making rugs, basketry, and gardening as well. Employees of the asylum are supposed to learn how to do the work and teach the patients the correct ways before the patients are expected to do it. (Northampton Lunatic Hospital 1907). These activities are carried out for the main purpose of giving the patients a type of therapy, many are much more happier because they are given work which makes the idea a success. 1900s Buildings Grounds Since the 1900s, many more improvements and changes have been made in the buildings and grounds. For example for the Northampton Lunatic Hospital in 1910, the buildings were remodeled and many additions were made. The â€Å"Day Barn† had been remodeled to help accommodate 30 calves and the basement floor was mainly to house the 40 steers. Eight acres of land was cleared, plowed, and fenced for the farm. The infirmary building for women was only one story high. Passageways between the buildings on each floor were necessary. A sunroom on each floor was also being provided. Cement walks from the highway up until the entrance of the hospital have been laid making accessibility easier for patients. (Hurd, Drewry, Dewey, Pilgram, Blumer, 1916). A new kitchen was built; it was now big enough for the employees to cook food for a larger amount of patients. Is it well ventilated, and has all the modern improvements. There is an up to date butcher’s room, where the meat is received and cut up. The food, when cooked, is carried on cars through passages in the basement then passed to the ward where the food is then set up in the dining halls. In 1898, progressive changes and additions have been made. A new building to accommodate the heating plant, machine shop, and carpenter shop, made room for enlarged kitchens, sewing and mending room, and above them a beautiful assembly hall for religious services and for amusements. The old chapel’s space was now used as a small laboratory, an operating room and library on the second floor. There was also a gymnasium added mostly for the use of recreation for the patients. (Hurd, Drewry, Dewey, Pilgram, Blumer, 1916). Windows have been enlarged, new heating; ventilating and lighting systems were installed. In 1900 a cold storage plant was installed where eggs, beef and other foods could be stored. A new stable for the carriage horses was built as well. In 1903, a new barn was built, accommodating 70 cows, 14 oxen and other animals. In 1911, a reception building and infirmary for women patients was built, another similar building was built for the men in 1905. Later in 1911, a new laundry room was built, in 1914 a fire pump house and a stable for the horses was built. Two new buildings were erected for the purposes of entertainment and recreation of the patients. There is an operating building, which includes a surgical ward, operating rooms, rooms for general diagnosis, anesthetizing, and for instruments. In another example, the grounds at the Worcester Insane Asylum were growing more and more attractive. Young trees had been planted; many patients work about the grounds, and receive great benefits from the side jobs. The work not only helps the patients but also helps the attractiveness of the grounds. Recreation Patients were allowed to use the bowling alleys, billiard rooms inside a clubhouse. For the women there is a pavilion. There are weekly moving picture and musical entertainment shown to the patients. There are religious services and occasional dances offered as well. The patients show appreciation by wearing better clothing, which helps establish the improvement of living conditions. At the McLean Asylum, patients were allowed to do arts and crafts while they were institutionalized. (Stein Cutler, 2001). Food For several years a dietician has had general overviewt of the foods and their preparation. Each day’s food distribution is arranged. Foods are prescribed for the weak and the sick and are specially prepared for their needs. An entire new diet is prepared every two weeks. The food distributed mostly consists of tea, coffee, milk cheese, resins, cereals, canned goods, peaches, berries, vegetables, eggs and other dairy products. (Worcester State Hospital, 1899). Treatment The McLean Asylum was changed to the Mclean Hospital, in 1892, which was symbolizing the philosophy in the therapeutic physician-patient relationship for moral treatment. It is a rule of the hospital that treatments consists of a generally quick reduction in the amount of alcohol or drugs used, depending mostly on the patient’s condition. Hydrotherapy is used when possible to improve the patient’s physical and mental health. The following are considered part of a patient’s routine everyday; regular habit, discipline, work, eating, recreation and visiting their physician. When a patient is admitted, they are received by a doctor, then bathed, fed and put to bed. Preliminary history is checked and presented within two weeks and diagnosis is then made. Bragg, T. Cohen, B, 2007). Many other examinations are done such as staining slides, bacteriological by culture, preparation of vaccines are all employed when indicated either in diagnosis or treatment. At the McLean Asylum in 1880, chloral hydrate was given as one of the drugs as well as opium and morphine. Cannabis indica was given to some older patients who were suffering from dist ress or melancholia. There was also the use of hypnotics to treat patients. At the Mclean Asylum in 1900, occupational therapy and other mental health professions came into existence. This era was also known as the occupational therapy and the mental hygiene movement. This movement was an effort to bring progressive change in the care of those with mental illnesses. An important factor that changed the course of psychiatry from the 1900s to 1950s was psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. The Electric Convulsive Therapy was another new form of treatment rising. (Stein Cutler, 2001). Work Patients are allowed to do certain labor and work tasks such as carpentry, painting, plumbing, laundry, baking, and shoe repairing. These tasks give the patients something to do while keeping them occupied. By doing these tasks, they are helping the hospital enormously. It was believed that the work patients do at the McLean Asylum must be interesting, it should have some usefulness to it, it should be carried on with other patients and encouragement should be given to the workers. (Stein Cutler, 2001). Demographics In 1900, there were a total of 482 patients, 240 men and 242 women at the Worcester Insane Asylum. During this time many of the patients were suffering from dementia and were being actively treated for it. 950s Buildings Grounds During the 1960s, Northampton State Hospital housed 2,657 patients. Since 1890, state mental institutions were now being turned into old-age homes. More than half of the population consisted of 65 year olds or older. Most of the patients had no one else to care for him or her, so they were sent to the hospitals. Northampton was too big and hard to tear down since it was made of stone. It had asbestos-coated pipes fitted in the 1950s. Radical changes were going on in this period of time for asylums, many became much more custodial. (Levin, A. 005) At the McLean Asylum, a new library and cafeteria were erected as well as many expansions to the research laboratories. The McLean Hospital was transforming into the illusion of a country club, a much more pleasant environment. The buildings were now separated into floors I, II, and III. These three levels were a series of graded behavioral institutions. â€Å"I† was for the lowest-disturbing patients; â€Å"III† was for the highest-disturbing patients. (Pressman, J. 1998). Treatment During this time, psychiatric drugs like chlorpromazine were introduced to asylums and patients. Patients could now be treated on an outpatient basis, meaning they would not have been living in the asylums. This was very good improvement because now patients were not limited to being contained between walls and bars. Psychopharmacology was also introduced as well as Freudian therapy. Freudian therapy was the experiences of conscientious objectors who worked in asylums during World War II. This period was the beginning of the antipsychiatry movement. This movement helped promote community mental health centers, which would help steer the focus of mental health treatment away from the hospitals. (Levin, A. 2005). In the early 1950s, the McLean Asylum, now known as the McLean Hospital practiced lobotomies as a form of treatment. There was a new procedure called the ‘icepick’ procedure, which helped enable psychosurgery to be performed quicker and for outpatients. Patients were treated with shock therapy as well. Psychosurgery peaked in 1948, The McLean Asylum was also known as a psychotherapeutic hospital. Shock treatment was established and used. This was a form of ‘active treatment’ (Pressman, J. 1998). In 1953, Willis Bower tried to prove that the drug, chlorpromazine would be capable of influencing a course of psychiatric illness. He published a study, which he conducted at the McLean Asylum in the New England Journal of medicine on the sedative. After the article came out, this drug became adopted in the hospitals. Chlorpromazine started a new revolution in psychiatry, compared to the penicillin used in general medicine. It did not cure psychosis, however it did help eliminate some symptoms of schizophrenia. This drug helped patients live everyday lives. (Shorter, E. 1997) Diagnosis In 1952, there were one hundred patients at an average age of seventy-seven who were diagnosed as senile. Food The McLean Hospital during this time was able to serve quality food if the patients requested it. For example one patient did not like the lamb that was served, they wanted lobster, the hospital actually served the patient lobster instead. They treated the patient as if it was â€Å"Ritz Carlton† service. This hospital was recognized as having a hotel-like atmosphere, which the patients enjoyed. (Pressman, J. 1998). Recreation At the McLean Asylum environmental factors were important for patients and their activities they got to do. All patients at the asylum were allowed to be in the outdoors. Middle class and upper class patients were able to do different activities. Middle-class patients were allowed to read, and play games. Working-class patients were allowed to work on the farms and at the print shop. (Levin, A. 2005). Overall, The McLean Asylum for the Insane, The Worcester Lunatic Asylum, and The Northampton Lunatic Hospital all have gone through major changes in buildings and grounds, diagnoses, demographics including leisure, work, food, and patient treatment. After the 1800s period, many improvements in buildings were made, and extensions of the building were added. Barns, chapels, larger kitchens were added. Barns were very important because farm animals could now be housed on the grounds. The animals provided food and milk for the patient’s food supply. Repair has been made to the farm, new stables were added and new mangers made for the yard. Fencing was added all around the grounds. Pavilions were added for recreational use. Grounds were made more attractive; for example trees were planted by patients, this work gave the patients something to do as well. At the Northampton, a gymnasium was added for recreational purposes. Treatment in the asylums progressed and got significantly better as the decades went on. Moral treatment was highly recognized. In the beginning, many patients were considered ‘incurables’ more patients were also being admitted into the asylums since there was more room from the extensions and additions to the asylums. In the 1950s, lobotomies were now practiced. Psychopharmacology was also introduced as well as Freudian therapy. At all of the asylums, recreation and work was a part of the lives of the patients. Patients were allowed to do activities such as reading, walking around the grounds. Certain work patients were allowed to do consists of carpentry, painting, plumbing, laundry, baking, and shoe repairing, working in the farm, and sewing. The work not only occupied the patient’s time but also gave help to the buildings and grounds of the asylums. The farm work and food collected from the farms was then fed to the patients. This system was very useful and necessary. In 2007, the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and Northampton Lunatic Asylum were demolished. Both were also part of the Kirkbride plan, which referred to the improvements, made in the mid-19th century. The buildings were typically Victorian era style and larger. References: 1. Ozarin, L (2006). Diseases of the Mind: Highlights of American Psychiatry through 1900: U. S Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/hmd/diseases/benjamin. html 2. Northampton Lunatic Hospital (1907). Annual report of the trustees of the Northampton Lunatic Hospital. 51 (21), 16-20. 3. Jarvis, E. (1855). Report on insanity and idiocy in Massachusetts by the commission on lunacy. Boston, MA: William White Association. 4. Massachusetts General Court Senate (1837). Reports and other documents relating to the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. Boston, MA: Dutton and Wentworth Printers 5. Hurd, H. , Drewry, W. , Dewey, R. , Pilgram, C. , Blumer, G. (1916) The institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada, Volume 2, 666-668. 6. Worcester State Hospital. (1899) Annual report of the Trustees of the Worcester State Hospital, 67, 18-47. 7. American Psychiatric Association (1895). Proceedings of the American Medico: Psychological Association. Utica, N. Y: American Medico-Psychological Association. 8. Levin, A. (2005) Rational Buildings Designed to Calm the Disorderly Mind: Psychiatric News, 40 (17), 24-25. Retrieved by:http://psychnews. sychiatryonline. org/newsarticle. aspx? articleid=109282 9. Bragg, T. Cohen, B. (2007) From Asylum to Hospital to Psychiatric Health Care System: American Journal Psychiatry, 164: 883. 10. Stein, F Cutler, S. K (2001) Psychosocial occupational therapy: a holistic approach. University of South Dakota: Delmar Thomson Learning. 11. Pressman, J. D. (1998) Last Resort: Psychosurger y and the Limits of Medicine. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 12. Shorter, E. (1997) A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics The field of statistics is divided into two major divisions: descriptive and inferential. Each of these segments is important, offering different techniques that accomplish different objectives. Descriptive statistics describe what is going on in a  population  or  data set. Inferential statistics, by contrast, allow scientists to take findings from a sample group and generalize them to a larger population. The two types of statistics have some important differences. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics is the type of statistics that probably springs to most people’s minds when they hear the word â€Å"statistics.† In this branch of statistics, the goal is to describe. Numerical measures are used to tell about features of a set of data. There are a number of items that belong in this portion of statistics, such as: The average, or measure of the center of a data set, consisting of the mean, median, mode, or midrangeThe spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range or standard deviationOverall descriptions of data such as the five number summaryMeasurements such as skewness and kurtosisThe exploration of relationships and correlation between paired dataThe presentation of statistical results in graphical form These measures are important and useful because they allow scientists to see patterns among data, and thus to make sense of that data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the population or data set under study: The results cannot be generalized to any other group or population. Types of Descriptive Statistics There are two kinds of descriptive statistics that social scientists use: Measures of central tendency  capture general trends within the data and are calculated and expressed as the mean,  median, and  mode. A mean tells scientists the mathematical average of all of a data set, such as the average age at first marriage; the median represents the middle of the data distribution, like the age that sits in the middle of the range of ages at which people first marry; and, the mode might be the most common age at which people first marry. Measures of spread  describe how the data are distributed and relate to each other, including: The range, the entire range of values present in a data setThe  frequency distribution, which defines how many times a particular value occurs within a data setQuartiles, subgroups formed within a data set when all values are divided into four equal parts across the rangeMean absolute deviation, the average of how much each value deviates from the meanVariance, which illustrates how much of a spread exists in the dataStandard deviation, which illustrates the spread of data relative to the mean Measures of spread are often visually represented in tables, pie and bar charts, and histograms to aid in the understanding of the trends within the data. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics are produced through complex mathematical calculations that allow scientists to infer trends about a larger population based on a study of a sample taken from it. Scientists use inferential statistics to examine the relationships between variables within a sample and then make generalizations or predictions about how those variables will relate  to  a larger population. It is usually impossible to examine each member of the population individually. So scientists choose a representative subset of the population, called a  statistical sample, and from this analysis, they are able to say something about the population from which the sample came. There are two major divisions of inferential statistics: A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the population by measuring a statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an interval and the degree of confidence that the parameter is within the interval.Tests of significance or hypothesis testing  where scientists make a claim about the population by analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some uncertainty in this process. This can be expressed in terms of a level of significance. Techniques that social scientists use to examine the relationships between variables, and thereby to create inferential statistics, include linear regression analyses,  logistic regression analyses,  ANOVA,  correlation analyses,  structural equation modeling, and survival analysis. When conducting research using inferential statistics, scientists conduct a test of significance to determine whether they can  generalize their results to a larger population. Common tests of significance include  the  chi-square  and  t-test. These tell scientists the probability that the results of their  analysis of the sample are representative of the population as a whole. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics Although descriptive statistics is helpful in learning things such as the spread and center of the data, nothing in descriptive statistics can be used to make any generalizations. In descriptive statistics, measurements such as the mean and standard deviation are stated as exact numbers. Even though inferential statistics uses some similar calculations - such as the mean and standard deviation - the focus is different for inferential statistics. Inferential statistics start with a sample and then generalizes to a population. This information about a population is not stated as a number. Instead, scientists express these parameters as a range of potential numbers, along with a degree of confidence.

Scottish Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Scottish Education - Essay Example The government was, at least in terms of its rhetoric, attempting to shatter what it regarded as the cozy relationships which had developed within the education community since 1945. As the public sector had expanded, so had the role and influence of professionals within the welfare bureaucracies (Prowle, (2000). Prevailing assumptions about the organization and the management of the schooling system were to be challenged. The Conservative governments promised that local government and educational professionals would no longer be left to determine the management of the schooling system. Central government would take a more direct role in shaping the management of schools at local level than had been the case in the forty years or so following the Education Acts of 1944 (England) and 1945 (Scotland). In both Scotland and England, these Acts had established a national system, locally administered. Responsibility for the administration of the system was devolved to the educational professionals. Within the public sector, the term 'administration' was used, whereas the term 'management' was judged to be more applicable to the private sector. That central government from the late 1970s increasingly referred to the 'management' of the education system rather than to its 'administration' was not just a symbolic change. It signaled a shift in attitude by central government towards the post-war 'partnership' which had existed between central government, local government and the teaching profession. Broadly speaking, the roles adopted by these three partners had been as follows: that central government in consultation with the educational professionals would enact legislation and provide resourcing; local authorities... During the 1980s and 1990s, managing the system of state schooling became an increasingly politicized issue in the United Kingdom (UK). The government was, at least in terms of its rhetoric, attempting to shatter what it regarded as the cozy relationships which had developed within the education community since 1945. As the public sector had expanded, so had the role and influence of professionals within the welfare bureaucracies (Prowle, (2000). Prevailing assumptions about the organization and the management of the schooling system were to be challenged. The Conservative governments promised that local government and educational professionals would no longer be left to determine the management of the schooling system. Central government would take a more direct role in shaping the management of schools at local level than had been the case in the forty years or so following the Education Acts of 1944 (England) and 1945 (Scotland).In both Scotland and England, these Acts had establi shed a national system, locally administered. Responsibility for the administration of the system was devolved to the educational professionals. Within the public sector, the term ‘administration’ was used, whereas the term ‘management’ was judged to be more applicable to the private sector. That central government from the late 1970s increasingly referred to the ‘management’ of the education system rather than to its ‘administration’ was not just a symbolic change. Strain was evident among the partners in England from the mid-1970s onwards.